~ UTK Department of Chemistry ~
Chemistry 110

Current Announcements

PLEASE NOTE THIS WEB SITE IS UPDATED WEEKLY ON WEDNESDAYS BY 5 PM.  YOU SHOULD NOT PRINT OUT BEYOND ONE WEEK AT A TIME.  CHANGES MAY OCCUR DEPENDING ON LECTURE COVERAGE.
Welcome to the Web Site for Chemistry 110.  The information here is to be used as an additional resource for Chemistry 110.  It is not meant to be used INSTEAD of lecture or the text, but as a supplement to those resources.  My lecture notes will not be posted here. Please take the time to read the following descriptions of what may be found in each of the categories at this Web Site

General Information and Quiz and Exam Schedule and Syllabus
You may make copies of these or you may refer to the information as needed.  It is strongly recommend that you mark your calender with the dates of all quizzes, workshops and exams.

Current Annoucements

Each week the actual course coverage will be given here, along with the quiz assigment based on
course coverage.  Since the quizzes or workshops will be based on lecture material completed
on Wednesday of each week, this information will be posted generally on Wednesday afternoon.
At the beginning of each Chapter, Chapter Objectives will be given to you in lecture.  I will be lecturing based on those objectives.  These may also be found here dated the day they were introduced into class.
You may also want to check this site for announcements of special help sessions before major exams and other information related to the course in general on a weekly basis.

Sample Quiz Questions

Each week, when a quiz or workshop is scheduled, sample quiz questions with the correct answers will be posted here.  Only the questions and the answer will be found here.  The concepts involved in answering the questions will have to be obtained from lecture notes and your text.

Lab Stuff

Each week you will find helpful hints for doing your prelab, as well as suggestions for readings in the text which are related to the lab we are currently doing.

NOTE: The materials in the last three categories are cumulative.  You will be able to access all
information from the beginning of the semester at any time during the semester.

NOW SCROLL DOWN FOR YOUR FIRST WEEK OF ANNOUNCEMENTS

Week of January 12 Lecture on Monday, January 12, was used to fill out student information and review covalent bonding, writing Lewis structures and polar bonds.  This is covered in Chapter 3 in your text.  On Wednesday in lecture we will complete the review of geometry of molecules and polar molecules and complete Chapter 10.
If you were in class on Monday, you do not have to attend discussion on Tuesday, January 13. If you were not in lecture on Monday, you should go to discussionto be sure you have all information and are duly registered so you can check into lab on Thursday.  Regular discussions will begin on Friday, January 16.  [See quiz and exam schedule at this WEB SITE.]
There will be workshops on January 16 and 20.  The material  reviewed from Chapter 3 and all of Chapter 10 will be covered on the Workshop.  Workshops are open book and open notes, but if you do not look over the material ahead of time, you will not finish the workshop and will be graded appropriately.


Week of January 19
Quiz Coverage for January 23 and 27   Chapter 10: All sections (Please note this includes review material from Chapter 3 covered in class and on the workshop.)  Problem Assignment: 10.6, 10.9, 10.14   Chapter 11: Sections 11.1 through 11.3.  Problem Assignment:  11.10, 11.12, and 11.13. 
This quiz will be cumulative and include all material covered since the the beginning of the semester.


Week of January 26
Quiz Coverage for January 30 and February 3  Chapter 11:  Sections 11.3, 11.4, 11.5,  11.7,  11.8, 11.9, 11.10   Problems:  11.17 through 11.36 as assigned on the syllabus.  Chapter 12:  12.1, 12.2, 12.3 (to the bottom of page 297).  Problems:  12.12, 12.14, 12.15 (a through j), 12.16 (a and d).  
Note: All nomenclature will be covered on alkanes and cycloalkanes.  Only alkene nomenclature (including cis/trans) will be covered.  We have not covered nomenclature on alkynes or cycloalkenes in class as yet.  This is reflected in the problem assignment given here.
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Week of February 2  The exam on February 10 will include lecture material through February 4.   See practice quiz questions for more information.

Week of February  9 The following review has been updated on February 3, 2004.
ROOM ASSIGNMENTS FOR EXAM 1:  AMB [ALUMNI MEMORIAL BUILDING] ROOM 27
                                                                        SECTIONS  25140   25153     25166   25179     25182     25108  
                                                                         BUEHLER  415
                                                                         SECTIONS  25080     25093     25111     25124
                                                                         

REVIEW OUTLINE FOR EXAM 1
1. Nomenclature: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkenes, and halogen derivatives of  hydrocarbons.  Only IUPAC names will be used.  Be able to BOTH draw the structure from the name or name the compound if the structure is given.
2.  Be able to do complete Lewis structures with unshared pairs of electrons and polarity symbols, if required. In all other cases
condensed structures will be used and pentagons and hexagons will be used for cyclic hydrocrabons.
3. Understand what is meant by primary, secondary, and tertiary in the following contexts: carbocations, alcohols, and amines.
5. Physical Properties:  Solubility in water, boiling point, melting point, density for hydrocarbons and their halide derivatives.  Be able to relate London dispersion forces to molar mass and branching.  Understand the relationship of polarity/no polarity to solubility.  Be able to explain the relationship of the strength of London dispersion forces to boiling points and melting points. 
6. Chemical Properties:
Alkanes- Combustion  and substitution reactions
Alkenes- Combustion and addition reactions [hydrogen, halogens, acids, water].
If given the reactants, with the appropriate catalyst if required, you will be expected to complete the reaction.
Know and be able to apply: Markovnikov's rule and  the relationship of carbocation formation to the mechanism of an addition reaction, the relative stability of the carbocations and how this affects the final product.
7.  Be able to draw cis/trans isomers for cycloalkanes and alkenes.  These must be drawn as shown in the text or in class to get credit. Be able to BOTH  draw the structure from the name or name the compound from the structure.

WORKSHOP COVERAGE FOR FEBRUARY 13 AND 17:  Chapter 13 Sections 13.1 through  13.5  Problems: 13.8 through 13.27
Week of February 16
This week we finished Chapters 13 and 14 and began Chapter 17.  As announced in class, we will temporarily skip chapters 15 and 16 and return to these chapters after we complete Chapter 18.
Quiz Coverage for February 20 and 24  Chapter 13 All sections, all problems assigned on the syllabus.  Chapter 14  All sections, all problems assigned on the syllabus.


Week of February 23
Quiz Coverage for February 27 and March 2  Chapter  17 All sections, all assigned problems.   Also review nomenclature rules for alcohols.  You need to keep up with all nomenclature.  Remember the order of precedence in naming.
Looking ahead:  The next exam is on  March 23.  This will give us the week after spring break to finish the organic part of the course and have a review on Friday,
March 19 for the exam.  The remainder of the semester will be spent covering biochemistry.
Week of March 1
This week, we finished Chapter 17 and covered Sections 18.1 through section 18.4 in Chapter 18.  We also began Chapter 16 Amines.
Workshop coverage for March 5 and March 16:  Chapter 17 Sections 17.5, 17.6 and 17.7.  Problems:  17.22 through  17.37.
                                                                                  Chapter 18 Sections 18.1 through 18.4  Problems: 18.10 through  18.38 plus 18.44.

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Week of March 8   Spring Break

Week of March 15  Workshop on March 16.   RevIew on March 19 for  Exam 2.  Finish Chapter 16 and the remaining sections of Chapter 18 in lecture.
Exam 2 Coverage:  Chapters 13, 14, 16, 17, and 18.

Week of March 22  Exam on March 23 from 7 PM to 8:30 PM.
ROOM ASSIGNMENTS:  DOUGHERTY (DO) 416  SECTIONS 25140 25153 25166 25179 25182 25108
                                               BUEHLER 415  SECTIONS  25080  25093  25111 25124
 

REVIEW OUTLINE FOR EXAM 2
Nomenclature Many rules carry over from the previous exam.  New nomenclature is required for alcohols, thiols, ethers, aromatic compounds, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, organic salts, anhydrides and amides.
Physical Properties  Comparison of solubilities, boiling points and melting points based on forces of attraction between the molecules should be covered for all classes of compounds.  Review London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding wherever applicable.  Know how to draw compounds showing unshared pairs of electrons and symbols to indicate polarity.
Acid/Base Properties  Carboxylic acids are proton donors, amines are proton acceptors.  Phenols are also acidic. All other categories we discussed are neutral in solution.  You should review the pH scale and know what is meant by Ka and Kb  .
The "solubility switch" I discussed in class for carboxylic acids and amines is an important part of the properties of acids and bases as well as the solubility effect due to ion formation.  Long carbon chains  on carboxylic acids and amines are not water soluble; their ions, however, are soluble.  The same is true of phenol, which is a slighlty soluble weak acid. Be sure you know how to demonstrate the "solubility switch" with appropriate equations and explanations.
Reactions Chemical reactions fall in several categories.
                1. Oxidation/reduction:  alcohols to aldehydes or ketones.
                                                     aldehydes to carboxylic acids
                                                     adehydes or ketones to alcohols
                                                     thiols to disulfides (disulfides to thiols)                                                     

                2. Addition:  alcohol and aldehyde or ketone to form hemiacetal or hemiketal

                3.  Dehydration:  Hemiacetal or hemiketal and alcohol with an acid catalyst form an acetal or ketal + water
                                           Carboxylic acid and alcohol with an acid catalyst form an ester + water
                                            Dehydration of an alcohol to form an alkene
                                             Dehydration of an alcohol to form an ether.
              
                4.  Hydrolysis:  Ester and water with an acid catalyst forms a carboxylic acid and alcohol
                                       Ester and water with a base catalyst forms a carboxylate ion and a alcohol
                                       Amide and water with an acid catalyst forms a carboxylic acid and a alkylammonium ion
                                       Amide and water with a base catalyst forms a carboxylate ion and  an amine
                                       Anhydride and water forms 2 carboxylic acid molecules

                 5. Anhydrides:  Anhydride and alcohol forms an ester and a carboxylic acid
                                         Anhydride and amine forms an amide and a carboxylic acid

                 6. Carboxylic acids:  Carboxylic acids and bases  form a carboxylate salt and water
                                                 Carboxylic acids and bicarbonates form a carboxylate salt, carbon dioxide and water
                                                 Carboxylic acids and ammonia form an ammonium salt
                                                 Carboxylic acids and amines form an alkylammonium salt

Isomers:  Keto-enol tautomersim
               

Functional groups  Now that all functional groups are known, be able to identify functional groups on large complex molecules,
                             like drugs.  Also be able to determine primary, secondary or tertiary groups of alcohols and amines.  Recognize aromatic rings.

Phosphoanhydrides and phosphate esters



Week of March 23  [After Exam 2]
 Workshop coverage for March 26 and March 30.  Chapter 15 Sections: 15.1, 15.2, 15.4, 15.5 and 15.6  Problems:  15.8, 15.10, 15.11, 15.16, 15.17-15.20,
 15.24 and 15.25.  Please note that only Chapter 15 will be on the workshop.  You will be tested on the carbohydrate chapter on the next quiz.  There are no additional Practice Quiz Questions for this workshop.
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Week of March 30
Quiz coverage for April 2 and 6  Chapter 19 Sections 19.1 through 19.7  Questions 19.7 through 19.37 with empahsis on those questions assigned on the syllabus.
Answers to the even questions will be posted on my bulletin board on the fifth floor.  No additional practice quiz questions are given.
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Week of April  12 through April  20  
Workshop Coverage for April  16 and 20:  Chapter 20 Sections 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 20.5, 20.6, Box 20B on page 474.  Problems: 20.3 through 20.23 as assigned on the syllabus.  Chapter 21:  Sections 21.1 through 21.11 [Omit 21.10].  Problems 21.5 through 21.49 as assigned on the syllabus.  Some probelms on the workshop will come directly from the problems at the end of the chapters.  I am not assigning any additioanl practice quiz questions.

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Week of April 21 through 28
Quiz Coverage for April 23 and 27.  Chapter 20 Sections 20.1 through 20.6, Box 20B on page 474.  Problems 20.3 through 20.23 as assigned on the syllabus.
Chapter 21 Sections  21.1 throiugh 21.11. Omit section 21.10. Problems:  21.5 through 21.49 as assigned on the syllabus.
Please note that the majority of this material was covered on the last workshop.  The keys for the workshops are posted on my bulletin board.  I plan on giving  you  40 minutes for this last quiz, so do not plan on a lot of last minute help from your TA.
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ROOM ASSIGNMENTS FOR FINAL EXAM [10:15 AM TO 12:15 PM] TUESDAY, MAY 4
NO CALCULATORS ARE NEEDED ARE ALLOWED.
BUEHLER 555: SECTIONS-25140, 25153, 25166, 25179, 25182, 25111, 25080
BUEHLER 475: 25124 AND 25108          BUEHLER 412:  25093
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REVIEW OUTLINE FOR FINAL EXAM  THIS OUTLINE WAS UPDATED ON APRIL 27 AT 5pm.
Chapters 10 through 18 Organic Chemistry
1.  No complex nomenclature will be asked on Chapters 10 through 18.  This does not mean that you do not need to know all functional groups.  You must be able to recognize all classifications of compounds by their functional groups and work with some names of simple compounds.
2.  Physical properties (solubilty, boiling point and melting point) as related to intermolecular forces (dispersion forces, dipole/dipole, and hydrogen bonding) should be covered for all categories of compounds we studied. Throughout the chapters there are tables that compare these properties.  You should be able to predict which will have the higher boiling point or melting point amd explain why.  You should also be able to explain solubility or insolubility in water.  This is where you were introduced to hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics which were used so often in biochemistry.
3.  Chemical reactions are summarized at the end of each chapter under Key Reactions.  This is a good place to go to get an overview.  Reactions can be grouped in several categories: addition, combustion, oxidation, reduction, dehydration, hydrolysis, acid equilibria, basic equilibria, acid with base, esterification (including phosphate esters), anhydride reactions to form esters or amides.  Exams 1 and 2 should be reviewed carefully to give an overview of these reactions. Hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal and ketal formation and the hydrolysis reactions of esters and amides in both acidic and basic solutions are of particular importance, because they carry over into biochemistry.
4.  All forms of isomerism (constitutional, cis/trans and optical) should be reviewed.
Chapters 19 through 22   Biochemistry
4.  Carbohydrates- Be able to recognize Glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose and lactose on sight if given their structures. Be able to draw a Haworth projection from a Fischer projection, showing both anomeric forms. Understand the concept of mutarotation and how the formation of a glycosidic bond prevents
mutarotation, by preventing the ring from opening to form the open chain carbohydrate.  Understand structural differences between the three polysccharides we discussed.  
5.  Lipids- Understand the fundamental difference between a simple lipid and a complex lipid, like lecithin.  In particular understand the hydrophobic/hydrophilc characteristics and how they are related to structure.  If given fatty acids, be able to draw the structure for a simple lipid.  Understand the structural changes involving the presence of double bonds in lipids and be able to explain how this affects the melting point of the lipid. Be able to discuss the  characteristics of the lipid bilayer.
Know what is meant by saponification and hydrogenation.  Define a wax.
6.  Proteins-  Given the table of amino acids be able to draw the structure of a polypeptide.  If given a polypeptide, be able to break it down in to amino acids.
Know what is meant by isoelectric point, zwitterion, and, in particular, what groups on side chains can accept or donate protons.  Be able to deterimine the net charge on an amino acid or a polypeptide if given a pH at an acidic, basic or isoelectric point.  Understand the characteristics of primary, secondary tertiary and quarternary structure.  Know what is meant by denaturing a protein.  What is a conjugatged protein?
7.  Enzymes-  If given a name of a type of enzyme, be able to identify what type of reaction or compound it would attack: for example:  lactase or a lipase or a hydrolase.  Be able to draw or interpret curves which demonstrate the effects of concentration, temperture, pH, and competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors
on the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction. Be able to describe clearly the mechanisms of enzyme action: enzyme substrate complex, induced fit, the role of coenzymes, the effects of a competitive and noncompetive inhibitor.  Understand what is meant by allosteric inhibition or stimulation as a regulatory mechanism.
8. DNA-  If given a partial sequence of a DNA molecule be able to claasify all parts of the molecule and be able to discuss the bonding that holds the nucleotide unit together and attaches it to a second nucleotide unit on  the DNA chain.  Also understand the type of bonding that stabilizes the seondary structure of DNA-the double helix.